The epicyclic gear train, also known as a planetary gear train, is a compact transmission that enables high reduction ratios, significant torque and configurations that are difficult to achieve with an ordinary gear train. It is used in automatic transmissions, industrial reduction gears, geared motors, winches, the hubs of electric bicycles and in robotics.
The design process requires analysing the motion of the planet gears, calculating the transmission ratios, distributing the loads and selecting appropriate materials and production processes. This guide sets out the operating principles, the calculations and the geometric constraints, through to production by means of 3D printing and CNC machining.
An epicyclic gear train is a gear system in which the planet gears rotate about their own axis while orbiting a central axis. Unlike ordinary gear trains, in which the axes are fixed, at least one axis moves relative to the structure.
The main advantages are:
A simple epicyclic gear train comprises four components.
The sun gear is located at the centre of the system. It has external teeth, meshes with the planet gears and is often the input element.
The planet gears mesh with the sun gear and with the ring gear. They rotate about their own axis while the planet carrier guides them around the sun gear. There are generally three, arranged at 120° to distribute the loads, but the number varies according to the design.
The ring gear is the outer gear with internal teeth that meshes with the planet gears. It can be fixed, or it can act as the input or the output.
The planet carrier supports the axes of the planet gears and determines their revolution. It is often the output element.
With a single input, one of the three main elements (sun gear, ring gear or planet carrier) must be held fixed in order to obtain a defined transmission ratio between the other two. The locked element determines that ratio.
The presence of moving axes makes the calculation of the ratio more involved than for an ordinary gear train. Willis’s formula allows the system to be analysed by treating the planet carrier as notionally stationary.
The transmission ratio of the gear train made ordinary (τ₀) corresponds to the ratio between the angular velocities of the ring gear and the sun gear with the planet carrier locked. For a simple gear train:
τ₀ = − z_sun / z_ring
where z_sun and z_ring indicate the respective numbers of teeth. The negative sign expresses the opposite direction of rotation of the two elements.
Willis’s formula links the angular velocities of the three main elements:
(ω_ring − ω_carrier) / (ω_sun − ω_carrier) = τ₀
where ω indicates the angular velocity of each element. Setting the velocity of one element to zero yields the ratio between the other two.
Depending on which element is locked, the same gear train provides different ratios.
The following table summarises the three configurations, with the numerical example of z_sun = 24 and z_ring = 72:
| Case | Locked element | Input | Output | Transmission ratio i | Example (z_sun = 24, z_ring = 72) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed ring gear | Ring gear | Sun gear | Planet carrier | i = 1 + z_ring / z_sun | 4:1 |
| Fixed sun gear | Sun gear | Ring gear | Planet carrier | i = 1 + z_sun / z_ring | 1.33:1 |
| Fixed planet carrier | Planet carrier | Ring gear or sun gear | Sun gear or ring gear | τ₀ = − z_sun / z_ring | −0.33 (ordinary gear train) |
Table 1 — Transmission ratios in the three operating cases of the same gear train.
By locking different elements, different ratios are obtained with the same gears. This is the principle used in automatic transmissions, which employ clutches and brakes to select the gears.
For the planet gears to mesh correctly with the sun gear and the ring gear, the following relation must hold:
z_ring = z_sun + 2 × z_planet
To arrange the planet gears equidistantly, the sum of the teeth of the sun gear and the ring gear must be divisible by the number of planet gears. Both constraints must be checked at the design stage.
Once the ratio has been defined, the gears must be dimensioned according to the following parameters:
Checks on the bending strength of the teeth and on the surface fatigue of the flanks can be carried out in accordance with the ISO 6336 standards for metal gears and VDI 2736 for plastic gears, by means of calculations or dedicated software.
The choice of materials depends on torque, speed, required service life and operating conditions.
For low- to medium-torque gear trains that call for light weight, low noise and low friction, various technical polymers can be used:
Plastic gears offer light weight and quiet operation, but generally have a lower load capacity and thermal resistance than metals.
For high-torque gear trains, sustained speeds or those subject to heavy loads, CNC-machined metal alloys are predominantly used:
The components can be produced with 3D printing or CNC machining, according to the function and the performance required.
MJF 3D printing in PA12 or PA11 nylon is suited to functional prototypes and the series production of the sun gear, planet gears, ring gear and planet carrier. It allows the ratio, the assembly, the meshing and the operation to be checked before final production.
The geometric freedom makes it possible to produce the planet carrier, even a complex one, as a single piece, while the speed of production facilitates design iterations. A backlash compatible with the tolerances of the MJF process must be allowed for.
For high-precision gears, or those subject to high torque, CNC machining makes it possible to achieve appropriate geometries and tolerances. POM is used for precision plastic applications, and quenched and tempered or case-hardening steels for the more heavily stressed metal ones.
The planet carrier, too, is often CNC-machined, in aluminium or steel, to ensure precision in the seats for the planet gear axes and in the bearing supports.
An epicyclic gear train combines compactness, coaxiality and the ability to transmit torque, but it requires attention to the kinematics, the geometric constraints and the dimensioning of the components. Willis’s formula makes it possible to calculate the ratios in the various configurations.
3D printing speeds up prototyping and functional checks, while CNC machining makes it possible to produce final components with the required tolerances. Using the two technologies in combination makes the transition from design to production more efficient.
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For a simple gear train, z_ring = z_sun + 2 × z_planet must hold. To mount the planet gears equidistantly, the sum of the teeth of the sun gear and the ring gear must be divisible by the number of planet gears. The two constraints must be checked during dimensioning.
For low to medium torque, CNC-machined POM or 3D-printed PA12/PA11 can be used. PEEK is appropriate when high thermal or chemical performance is required. For higher torque, quenched and tempered or case-hardening steels are preferable. The planet carrier is often made of aluminium or steel.
Yes. MJF 3D printing in PA12 or PA11 is suited to functional prototypes and small batches, provided that the tolerances and backlash are taken into account. For applications requiring greater precision or load capacity, CNC machining in POM or metal is often used.
Three planet gears arranged at 120° make it possible to distribute the torque across several meshing points and help to balance the radial forces. Two, four or more can be used, depending on load, available space and assembly constraints.
The three terms refer to the same mechanism seen from different angles. “Epicyclic gear train” is the kinematic name for the gear system; planetary gears (or planetary gear train) is the more widespread synonym and evokes the motion of the planet gears around the sun gear; epicyclic reduction gear, by contrast, refers to the most common application, that is, a reduction gear in which the gear train is used to reduce speed and increase torque, typically with a fixed ring gear, the sun gear as input and the planet carrier as output.
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